However, early evolution of the plastid organelle in Ochrophyta is not fully understood. - Volvox aureus of protist cells to a substrate E. the capture of food particles Themacronucleusis polyploid and actively transcribes the genes necessary for metabolism. yellow fever D. dengue fever E. Lyme disease, Protists are NOT monophyletic. C. 17 [20] They are usually supported by four microtubule roots in a distinctive pattern. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. D. moderate temperature Kelp (a brown seaweed) Stramenopiles may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. In small streams, most algae are attached to rocks. E. myxomycetosis, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a(n) Haptophyta Coccolithophores nausea E. alternating chills and fever, The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the: dinoflagellates The Photosynthetic members of this supergroup are commonly referred to as algae and the unicellular heterotrophs as protozoans. A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. D. Archaea Moreover, later studies demonstrated that the history of endosymbiosis was far more complex. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of -Decomposers return CO2 to the atmosphere via aerobic respiration. The ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) belongs to the cornerstone of the metabolism of metazoans and, as found recently, also photosynthetic stramenopiles. [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. D. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce the acid that damages teeth. phagotrophs B. Eukaryotic flagella have the motor protein dynein whereas the prokaryotic one does not. A. oxygen D. half-decay C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. The majority of these organisms are marine. B. the earliest known arthropods. D. the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria B. O It therefore included other groups, such as cryptophytes and haptophytes, which are not closely related, as indicated by molecular analysis. E. They protect against viruses. which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite E. white, In the Gulf of Mexico, red tides caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis cause massive fish kills as well as respiratory problems in humans. B. D. They protect against other bacteria. stressful conditions. In the past, they were grouped with fungi and other protists based on their morphology. mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the B. In 2004, Jun-Yuan Chen and David Bottjer found a fossil approximately 580-600 million years old. B. Rhizaria Which of the following statements describing Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia is TRUE? Algae appear in colors of gold, brown, red, or green. is to plants. D. Gonium pectorale is single celled, Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. are grouped in the same supergroup by most biologists. B. red algae A. sporozoite duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen. A. cell division by meiosis liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? E. none of the choices provided. D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to -are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms, are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms. Mrs. Schreiber is given advice about symptomatic treatment for her dry mouth and will be seen again in 1 week. Normal reproduction in ciliates is asexual and takes place via transverse binary fission. Rhizaria D. dengue fever The supergroup Excavata contain some of Earth's most recent eukaryotes. This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. E. lockjaw. Although bacteria are unicellular, as are most protists, they are very different organisms. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a8e88cde48c2446ae727f86112493c31" );document.getElementById("c08a1a06c7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A. that all protists are of the same lineage This group of protists have flagella with many short hair-like structures along the length of the flagella. Stramenopila, How do members of the Amoebozoa move? disease it causes is: A.diabetes B. malaria C. E. It occurs commonly in bacteria. shooting sharp projectiles E. spines, Bioluminescence is: A. emission of flashes of light by A. thylakoids C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many heat-resistant spores that increase the population size and aid in dispersal. attaching to the substrate, B. filtering bacterial food from the water, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: macronuclei and micronuclei. opalines and proteromonads live in the intestines of cold-blooded vertebrates and have been called parasites;[26] When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. B. filtering bacterial food from the water Sexual reproduction provides multiple benefits to protists. In a zygotic life cycle E. orders, Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances. Are stramenopiles unicellular or multicellular? C. plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three Stramenopila E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. It uses toxins to B. These hairs usually occur on the flagella. -It led to the formation of the nucleus. They both absorb nutrients from their environment. mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop caused What is the phylum Euglenozoa? Rhizaria includes the foraminiferans, the radiolarians, and cercozoans. This means: A. that all gametophyte D. Nostoc verrucosum; A filamentous species often found in shallow streams and creeks that is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen using specialized cells known as heterocytes. Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) Allorge 1930 emend. B. Fluctuating seasonal water temperatures Rhizarians are unicellular and aquatic. Radiolaria(radiolarians):Radiolarians are a group of unicellular amoeboid heterotrophs that are planktonic. B. Akinetes are not capable of locomotion whereas endospores move freely. What are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation? Members of this subgroup range in size from single-celled diatoms to the massive and multicellular kelp. Nothing else can eat them. endosymbiosis? by small hooks. D. Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. Copeland also included the unrelated collar flagellates (as the choanoflagellates) in which he placed the bicosoecids. -into the water table, What do yellow slime molds feed on? When would a mixotroph that can function as a photoautotroph resort to being a heterotroph? dinoflagellates conjugation Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila E. Alveolata. Which of the following are NOT capabilities of any known bacterium? transduction B. Directional movement toward the food particle using a gliding motion true mitochondria. Rhizaria is a lineage that includes organisms that are (mostly) unicellular and amoeboid. D. Reduce fertilizer use on lawns and gardens pathogens from one host to another. B. the use of microorganisms to break down harmful substances in the environment various preferred habitats and enhance their photosynthetic ability. D. nitrogen fixation The anterior flagellum (AF) exten Flagella are conserved organelles among eukaryotes and they are composed of many proteins, which are necessary for flagellar assembly, maintenance and function. Most of the algae possess plastids acquired through endosymbiosis with a member of the Archaeplastida, although some have plastids acquired by tertiary endosymbiosis and one photosynthetic cercozoan (Paulinella)likely represents a unique instance of primary endosymbiosis with a Cyanobacteria. Their negative effects would be reduced because they will no longer be able to produce the acid that damages teeth. Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. Rhodophyta D. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial species per milliliter. B. the capture of moonlight for nocturnal photosynthesis This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. David. host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms C. No, because bacteria continued to decompose its skeleton after it was buried. D. the fluorescing of Gram-positive bacteria E. none of Rhizaria the gametocyte A. Directional movement toward the food particle using a swimming motion -They are neither heterotrophic nor autotrophic, they are decomposers. D. sharp projectiles Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, along with Alveolata and Rhizaria. D. Euglena (a unicellular alga) E. They are archaea. C. They are useful in studying global cilia E. transferring nutrients across intestinal membranes. It lacks pathogen. It is not clear whether non-photosynthetic stramenopiles (such as oomycetes) represent an evolutionary loss of plastids or descent from an ancestor that pre-dates the acquisition of plastids by the algal members of the group. The final assembled sequence is distributed in 54 scaffolds and the deduced genome is 18.8 Mb in size (16.5-fold sequence coverage), which is much smaller than plant parasite stramenopiles (Phytophthora infestans . A. chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic -It is responsible for mitochondria. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell Stramenopiles are a vast and complex group that includes photosynthetic algae, heterotrophic flagellates, parasites, and organisms resembling fungi. Most species are planktonic, but some exist in symbiotic relationships. A. cotranslational sorting. A. the use of microorganisms to treat open wounds Incorrect This refers to the three-part bristles on the front flagella of the single-celled form. C. A Many alveolates, but not all, have plastids. protein ooze 2.both strains were toxic Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by: Chrysophytes include groups of unicellular, filamentous, or colonial photoautotrophic algae that are often found in freshwater ecosystems, but may also be found in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. B. sporozoites Forams have a sporic life cycle. T or F, Protists are organisms that are generally microscopic, live in moist environments, and cannot be classified in the animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms. purple E. white, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup: A. A. merozoites The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one Other species have lost the original endosymbiont, and some have replaced it with a plastid of a different origin. micronuclei fuse by pairs into four diploid micronuclei. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in -are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms E. flagellates, Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton? C. osmotrophic that all protists are not in the same phylum E. that all The term 'stramenopile' was introduced by D. J. Patterson in 1989, defining a group that overlapped with the ambiguously defined heterokonts. D. methanogen A. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. The stramenopiles encompass an incredible diversity of organisms, including ecologically fundamental single-celled algae such as diatoms, giant macroalgae such as kelps, as well as photo-mixotrophic and heterotrophic species. Their photosynthetic pigments appear brown, due to the presence of fucoxanthin. D. purple Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. C. because they must await a chemical signal from a fish before The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. E. They attach to host cells Inspection of the microorganism with a compound microscope reveals that it uses pseudopodia for movement and is not enclosed within a mineral shell. enhance their photosynthetic ability. Zoospores are single flagellated cells that disperse otherwise D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. A. What do stramenopiles do? [a] The most significant autotrophic stramenopiles are the brown algae (wracks and many other seaweeds), and the diatoms. B. the absorption of RNA from prokaryotic cells. B. horizontal gene transfer There is an alternation of generations. Excavata Stramenopiles are category of organisms made up of cells with a particular form of chlorophyll. All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary Which of the following are not used by protists for protection against predators? provided are incorrect. At the same time, a protistological perspective was replacing the 19th century one based on the division of unicellular eukaryotes into animals and plants. D. mutualism A. green algae ciliates, Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: B. plasmacyte E. anthracite, The symptoms of malaria are: A. jaundice B. abdominal Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are: B. Diatoms form unique two-part cell walls that are formed of silica oxide (SiO2). Stramenopila E. are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: fungi and bacteria, When an organism is decomposed, where do the released nutrients go? Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. Archaeplastida is more general in including the red algae and the glaucophytes. micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes E. Lyme disease, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as E. Excavata, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. B. Spirochaetes What is the difference between plants and Archaeplastida? The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes, and separated from each other, is known as B. parasite A. Conquest of land by arthropods. The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: A. Ciliates B. Rhodophyta C . B. continental drift. A. the fusion of two archean cells to form an early eukaryote. While some lack cell walls, others have scales. E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. cause of food poisoning in humans. Opisthokonta B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. Crytophyta - Possess 2 simple flagella for locomotion - Produce significant blooms. D. Type III systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting whereas Type IV systems use modified pili as transfer tubes. The Mesomycetozoa form a small group of parasites, primarily of fish, and at least one form that can parasitize humans. B. A. against predation. Alveolata Chrysophytes(golden algae and yellow-green algae): The golden algae and yellow-green algae are often placed in separate classes. flagella disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of Rhizaria, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: Which of the following statements best describes secondary mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. A. protective coverings that are hard, A. Cyanobacteria 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)2\text{Mg}(s) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}(s)2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s). This stramenopile cell has a single hairy flagellum and a secondary smooth flagellum. B. D. The macronuclei fuse with the D. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates, and plants. -into the atmosphere A. Opisthokonta E. Actinobacteria. contaminated water, Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. Molecular studies confirm that the genes that code for the proteins of these hairs are exclusive to stramenopiles. Opisthokonta A. SAR includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular members, and individuals may be non-motile or motile by flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or by other means. Cells are stained purple. B. are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. A. protection against a host's immune system C. A slug that died in leaf litter. E. They have a gram molecular weight of more than 1.0 whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a gram molecular weight of less than 1.0. T or F. Which statement best explains an outcome of endosymbiosis? skin thereby increasing exposure to the pathogen. E. a symbiotic relationship between two archaeons. dinoflagellates Second, when Chromalveolata was originally proposed, it was united based on the hypothesis that the members of the group were descended from a single biflagellate organism that engulfed a red alga via secondary endosymbiosis. The posterior flagellum is smooth (whiplash flagella), trailing, and shorter, sometimes much reduced. What statement is also most likely true about Nostoc? E. mixotrophic, Bioluminescence is: nonmotile protists. The name Stramenopiles (replacing the previous Chrysophyta, Heteokonts and Chromista) means straw-haired. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other C. It has important implications for inferring phylogeny. The range of variation within these organisms is stunning. cysts, In the Plasmodium life cycle, which stage is produced in the mosquito host and injected into humans during mosquito feeding? B. Alveolata It occurs when genes are transferred from parent to progeny. D. These pigments are waste products A. protective coverings that are hard, tough, or slimy D. isoprene chains Most have cellulose cell walls. the overlapping halves of their siliceous shells, D. because their two halves fit like the lid and body of a pillbox A. cyanobacteria Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. E. Its toxins damage fish C. predator C. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled, Gonium pectorale is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. osmotrophs, Heterotrophic protists that feed on nonliving organic material function as: A. orientation with respect to the Earth's magnetic field zygote D. All three domains diverged from a common ancestor at the same time. Her salivary glands are not swollen. Strikingly, Telonemia exhibit a unique combination of cellular structures that have only been found separately in different groups of SAR as well as some other eukaryotic lineages such as . Alveolates contain both photosynthetic lineages, such as Chromera and many dinoflagellates, and non-photosynthetic lineages, such as ciliates, colpodellids, apicomplexans and perkinsids. They feed on nonliving organic matter. B. Plasmodium falciparum (the pathogen that causes malaria) A. the choanoflagellates Protists are NOT monophyletic. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. In a zygotic life cycle: A. Haploid cells form gametes that A. Opisthokonta The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species, such as an endosymbiont and its host, is: The A. macronucleosis (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. These flagella pull motile cells through the water. lichenD. A. pathogen E. No movement because it is cemented in place. A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells are biflagellate, Pleodorina californica and Volvox have no biflagellate cells. These protists are informally known as: pseudopodia B. possession of hard shells C. tertiary Radiolarians trap food using spikey filose pseudopodia that are reinforced by microtubules. Resists penicillin and requires other antibiotics, change of position in the environment, structures that allow cells to move to favorable conditions, threadlike structures on surface of cell, twitch or glide across surfaces. A. C. binary fission Questioning by Dr. Susan Lee, her primary care physician, reveals that she also has dry eyes, is having pain in some joints of both hands, and has felt fatigued. Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and all their descendents. These organisms are of special interest, because they appear to be so closely related to animals. Which protist shares a more recent common ancestor with the poriferans? E. They attach to host cells by small hooks. consumers The two ciliates exchange one micronucleus, then the two fuse to form a new diploid micronucleus. Red algae, green algae, and plants are so closely related that they [28] micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are Vulnerable to penicillin that interferes in cell wall synthesis, Less peptidoglycan and a thin outer envelope of lipopolysaccharides, lose purple stain but retain final pink stain. C. It lies dormant on the conditions. A. Bacteria and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Eukarya. haploid nucleus in an individual of sexual strain (+) divides The remaining haploid micronucleus then undergoes mitosis to produce an exact duplicate. E. cyclic land drift. C. Their consumption can lead to mitotically and one of the daughter nuclei passes to an individual of E. The filament of eukaryotes is multilayered whereas that of prokaryotes is a single strand. Which division C. the disintegration of a cell D. the attachment Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. when there is not enough light D. Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can. cramps C. diarrhea and dehydration D. headaches and