creating an entirely online presence. [26], In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (18221888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. Starting in the 1990s,[57]:31 psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology. b. Which of the following is an example of an export control? According to Karl von Habsburg, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. [33] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and in the United States and Canada, archaeology. This is in direct contrast to low-context cultures, in which information is communicated primarily through language and rules are explicitly spelled out. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. [40] Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. These norms can influence business practices, as they can affect the way people interact with each other, negotiate, and make decisions. Behavior as per social norms that are established for maintenance of social harmony among in-group members; Considering the wider collective with regards to implications of their actions; Sharing of resources and readiness to give up personal interest keeping in mind the collective interest; Favoring some in-groups (such as friends and family); Being a part of a few in-groups that have an influence on their lives. The theory of Hofstede's cultural dimensions constitutes a framework revolving around cross-cultural communication, which was devised by Geert Hofstede. Finally, globalization has had both positive and negative impacts on the culture, providing opportunities for cultural exchange but also posing challenges for preserving a high context culture. They depend little on the context of a situation to convey meaning. The visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present. Which of the following is not a dimension of culture? Read:Discussion Background and answer all, You work for an auto manufacturer designing brake systems, but you do not have a dedicated team. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. In the United Kingdom, cultural studies focuses largely on the study of popular culture; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Marion hired you to research why employees are coming late and. After you have finished with this lesson, you should be able to: 10 chapters | b. (c) Germany a. teaches : 1275997, Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. 'city'). The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. In contrast, low-context cultures rely on explicit verbal communication. Culture is shaped by attitudes learned in adulthood. The notion that they hold unique beliefs. However, there are some key differences between Japan and the other countries. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. c.Ethnocentrism causes us to judge others by our own values. a. We will look at how the countrys culture compares to other high context cultures, interviews with people experienced in the countrys culture, analysis of the countrys language, the role of family and community, and the impact of globalization. The acceptance of the privileges that come with power; An expectation of power differences and inequality. [15], Cultural invention has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. 36. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movementssuch as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empiredeveloped a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). Virtuous behavior involves treatment meted out to others in a similar manner as one prefers to be treated oneself. Which of the following countries is considered a high-context of intercultural communication competence: Scholarship Cultural change, or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society. suggests specific strategies for moving toward a more mindful, competent style 1) Which of the following countries is considered a high-context culture? 40. Globalization has had both positive and negative impacts on Japans high context culture. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. UNESCO and its partner organizations such as Blue Shield International coordinate international protection and local implementation. Confrontation is accepted as an attribute. 33. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following is the least accurate statement about culture? This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. High-context cultures are those that communicate in ways that are implicit and rely heavily on context. d. "[9] Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. [1] Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. [65][66] The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions deal with the protection of culture. Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture,[32] in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. . Which of the following is a benefit of a diverse work environment? Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture. Do I really want to write this message? [19] "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. Economics questions and answers. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the human population explosion, among other factors. [23] According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. "[21] He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. 3) mentioned in the text? The emphasis on family is evident in the way people refer to each other, with family members typically being referred to by their given name or title. "Direct borrowing," on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. The Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of . On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's personalities across cultures. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Culture (/ k l t r /) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. High-context Will the audience listen to me? 2) In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (17441803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. For example, Japan has a more individualistic approach to problem solving, whereas China and South Korea tend to be more collectivist. b. "[30] According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. Ethnocentrism does not exist in today's culturally diverse workplace. 35. We will look at how the country's culture . b. Humane Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. See Page 1. Power distance b. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 [3] Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Legal. Do Metamucil Gummies Work as Well as Powder. They are characterized by shared values, norms, and beliefs that develop over time. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Tolerance Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding. Thus a contrast between "culture" and "civilization" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Only managers and business executives need strong communication skills., Most Americans communicate with business associates at approximately 1 feet., Psychological barriers to listening include hearing disabilities, poor acoustics, and noisy surroundings. In high-context cultures (such as those in Japan, China, and Arab countries), the listener is already "contexted" and does not need to be given much background information [3]. North Americans value straightforwardness and are suspicious of evasiveness. Low-context and high-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying how cultures communicate. According to research conducted by international business scholar Geert Hofstede, Japan is similar to China, South Korea, and India in terms of its high context culture. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human orientation. mass culture). Which statement about the effect of social media and communication technology on culture is most accurate? "bro culture"), or a counterculture. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? (b) Volkswagen Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? [45] It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall,[46] who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Answer: d. All are benefits of a diverse work environment. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart, E.P. [vii], [ii] online.seu.edu/articles/high-and-low-context-cultures/, [iii] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [iv] https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/, [v] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [vi] http://tevinsic.blogspot.com/2012/03/cultural-patterns-and-communication_02.html, [vii] https://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/pdf/globesummary-by-michael-h-hoppe.pdf. Ethnocentrism causes us to judge others by our own values. Group of answer choices Which communication technology is used by companies today? United States b. Germany c. Norway d. Japan ANSWER: RATIONALE: Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture.d. Thus in military culture, valor is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict. This culture or common heritage has nothing to do with a common gene pool, formal education, or laws. Being better ability to create the products desired by consumers House of the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions. b. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. Gender Egalitarianism: The degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality. b. They rely less on context & non-verbal cues and instead convey meaning more directly. Only managers and business executives need strong communication skills. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Family and community play an important role in shaping the culture of Japan. Empathetic senders consider how the receiver will decode the message and try, As you first begin the composition process, which of the following questions should you ask yourself? Every social organization has its prototype in the family. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture, or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Stress on horizontal relationships (such as the relationship between spouse and spouse) rather than vertical relationships (such as the relationship between parent and child). Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. These communicators represent what kind of culture? "[52] The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom. Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. Which of the following countries is considered a high-context All are benefits of a diverse work environment. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Answer: d. Japan (b) China Self-sufficiency and value independence, and placement of self-interest over collective interest. a.Ethnocentrism occurs in only Western cultures. Major trends in today's dynamic world of work include increased emphasis on self-directed work groups and virtual teams, heightened global competition, innovative communication technologies, new work environments, and focus on. Create your account. [55], Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:[56]. and how much they try to avoid them is known as: ______ culture? b. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the cultural turn of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. is defined as the perception of membership in a group that is part of an d. Max is preparing a contract between his company and one in Mexico. North Americans value straightforwardness and are suspicious of evasiveness. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies. In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (17671835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. There are strong distinctions made between individuals who are members of the ingroup and those who are not members in high-context cultures. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. Communicators in low-context cultures tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. d. a. High-context. The UN and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. A comparatively static, more conventional mentality; Emphasis on reciprocation of gifts, favors, and greetings; Negative association with economic growth. results from a common gene pool. Ancient Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Human Growth & Development Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST Lifespan Developmental Psychology Prep, Create an account to start this course today. Acculturation has different meanings. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture. Time orientation These forces are related to both social structures and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which themselves are subject to change. c. Members of ingroups usually share many characteristics and experiences. (1871). Write each sentence in the space provided. This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. Workers today communicate less than in previous years. a. The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation. These traits identify the cultural dimension of. People are comfortable standing close to each other. On the other hand, it has posed challenges for preserving a high context culture, as certain aspects of the culture may be lost in the process of global integration. Which region of involved countries is likely to benefit most Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. c. Ancient. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. Roger OKeefe, Camille Pron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example", Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture&oldid=1150847788. Answer: c. Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. On \underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad}\\ \underline{\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad} Primitive. Which of the following statements about today's business environments is most accurate? I feel like its a lifeline. c. These values are reflected in the way people conduct business, as relationships are often valued over transactions. (d) Canada Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. The country leans towards collectivism, and harmony within the group is important. High vs. Low Power Distance Cultural Communications | What are High and Low Power Distance Cultural Communications? Vol 1. [63] Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. "Tylor, Edward B(urnett)". In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.[29]. Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Finally, the language also includes a variety of nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, hand gestures, and tone of voice. Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture. [58]:158168[59] Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. All of the following have been victims of trademark trolling in The five dimensions of culture include context, individualism, time orientation, power distance, and communication style. "[24] He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. [47] Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as Western civilization or globalism. [31] In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. Instead, you move from project to project, joining a new team and project when your current project is, You prepare notes for a staff meeting to present potential solutions to the lingering problem. 36. Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other. Men, as well as women, are expected to be tender, modest, with focus on the quality of life; Emphasis on the non-materialistic angles of success; The preferred traits in boyfriends and husbands are the same. They also depend little on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. b. [16], Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. __________ fleeting. Societies that have small power distance possess the following features: Participative or consultative style of management; Decision-making responsibility and authority decentralized; Questioning the authority and lack of acceptance; Tolerance toward differing opinions and behaviors. Which of the following is not a dimension of culture? Answer: Germany Peter must inform his employees that his company will need to let go of employees. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures. Japan Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. Cultural Dimensions and Culture Clusters: GLOBE's major premise (and finding) is that leader effectiveness is contextual, that is, it is embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led. UNESCO, 2016, p 73. Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago and is often thought to be unique to humans. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. Another individual, a Japanese-American business executive, described the culture as one that values relationships over transactions. [25] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. China EXCEPT Emphasis on a relationship order depending on status, and observance of this order; Emphasis on persistence and perseverance; Positive association with economic growth; Inclination toward interrelatedness represented in sensitivity toward social contacts. d.Ethnocentrism is the oversimplified perception of a behavioral pattern or characteristic applied to all groups. For example, the language is highly contextual, with meanings often dependent on the context in which it is used. "[11] Terror management theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person[s] of worth within the world of meaning"raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain. These traits identify the cultural dimension of. b. 38. 37. "a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development. These cultures engage in the calculation of profit and loss prior to engagement in a behavior. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions: Theory, Purpose & Types | What is Cultural Dimension? (a) The EU imposes tariffs on U.S. agricultural products, (b) China limits the amount of rare-earth minerals that can be These include works from South America and North America, which includes Central America and Greenland.The Siberian Yupiit, who have great cultural overlap with Native Alaskan Yupiit, are also included. of the following countries would be considered individualistic cultures: Which Japan One of them, a Japanese expatriate living in the United States, described the culture as very formal and polite, but with an underlying sense of respect and consideration. He further explained that this formality is often expressed through nonverbal cues such as body language, eye contact, and gestures. Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. Social media offers very little potential for intercultural engagement. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. a. teaches, 31. 1784. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 1) Unequal relationships existing between people ensure the stability of society. What should he do when citing numbers in the contract? There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of culture and cultural heritage.