Both Nikola Tesla, who developed alternating current technology, and Thomas Edison, who championed direct current technology, displayed their devices. These grand exteriors, inspired by European architecture and a contemporary Beaux Arts-inspired panache, were only for looks. The Chicago World's Fair played a key role in the creation of the City Beautiful movement. People were very enthusiastic about saving fair mementos, making scrapbooks and collectiong coins souvenirs were a big part of the experience, says Roche. Jan 11, 2022 - Chicago, Illinois, is usually called the "Windy City" due to strong winds that come off of Lake Michigan, which serves as the city's eastern border. [2] The Chicago-based improv comedy group The Second City references Liebling's book in their self-mocking name. [6][7], "Chi-town", "Chi-Town", or "Chitown" (/atan/ SHY-town)[8] is a nickname that follows an established pattern of shortening a city's name and appending the suffix "-town", like "H-Town" refers to Houston. More From Britannica Daniel Burnham: The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 He is young, handsome, and well dressed, and his eyes are blue and hypnotic a trait, a physician once pointed out, which many murderers, and great men in other fields, often share. The fair first ran from May through November 1933, but it was so popular that it opened again the following year. Still located in their original places, both buildings have undergone extensive renovations. "[16] Joseph was the proprietor of the Hotel Sherman (originally called the Sherman House) but in an article about self-made millionaires, the Chicago Tribune noted that he was not only a hotel magnate but "principal stockholder in the White City Amusement and Construction Company. The Ferris Wheel is a monument to American ingenuity, bravery, and creativity. Adding to the wonder, the fair was entirely lit and powered by George Westinghouses system of alternating current power. [8] Events and organizations often use the nickname, for example the hockey team Chi-Town Shooters, the WCW event Chi-Town Rumble, and the New Year's Eve event Chi-Town Rising. Long ago, I assumed that Chicago was called "The Windy City" because it was particularly breezy here. Morris was frequently called the president of the corporation that operated the park, and the 1910 United States Census states that he is President of the White City Amusement Park. It Could Be a Lot". The earliest known reference to the "Windy City" was actually to Green Bay in 1856. The fair made such an impact that it was immortalized as one of the four stars on Chicagos municipal flag. He has a hand-painted piano that was displayed in the California building. He did so in reference to the city's full-of-hot air politicians who were advocating and wooing organizers to hold the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in the city instead of in . In more recent years, Chicagoans have found a renewed interest in the Columbian Exposition, thanks largely to Larsons Devil in the White City. ThinkStock / ThinkStock. [39] But the Depression, along with the ongoing problems from the fires of 1925 and 1927, had a very negative impact on White City. Grandeur was the objective, ever since the U.S. announced in 1889 that it would host a worlds fair to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Columbus voyage to the New World. Electrified and illuminated at night, the fountains sculpture (which does not survive) represented a number of allegorical figures, an apotheosis of modern libertyColumbia enthroned on a triumphal barge guided by Time, heralded by Fame, and rowed by eight standing figures, representing on one side the Arts, and on the other Science, Industry, Agriculture, and Commerce, according to the Fairs official guidebook. As far back as 1915, there had been a question of whether the park's lease would be renewed, but finally the landlord, Chicago business mogul J. Ogden Armour re-negotiated it and the park remained open. 1-Sentence-Summary: The Devil In The White City tells the story of Chicago in the late 1800s and how it had a chance to rise above terrible crime and social unrest when it won the bid to host the Worlds Fair but instead ended up contributing to the creation of the worlds first known serial killer.Apr 9, 2021. Another emphasizes the growth of Chicago in the 19th century as it became a city of national stature, with a population second only to that . [11] After the park had opened, there was one occasion when a ride malfunctioned; a patron was killed, and two other patrons were injured. Top: Entrance under construction, c. 1905; Middle: At night, 1916: Bottom: Ballroom, 1915, Top: Exhibit, c. 1905; Middle: White Horse Tavern, 1905: Bottom: Children sitting on an amusement device, 1915. Why is it better to save your money in a bank than in a piggy bank? A Chicago Tribune advice columnist whose pen name was "Sally Joy Brown" sponsored a children's event beginning in 1923. Ferris giant spinning wheel, a bold amusement attraction that became the Columbian Expositions Eiffel Tower. [28], Midget City was a popular exhibit that featured 50 men and women who all had dwarfism; at the time, the word used to describe them was 'midgets,' and working the carnival circuit was one of the few jobs open to them. [25] In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality was involved in one of these rallies. [4][27] Daredevil aeronautic shows of performers like Horace Wild were also common at the park. While many visitors thought the giant contraption of thin steel wires looked unsafe, it was surprisingly sturdy. In 1893, Charles A. Dana, an editor of the "New York Sun," published an editorial calling Chicago a "windy city.". Why Chicago Is Really Called The Windy City. Your email address will not be published. [44], Today, White City Amusement Park, which was once considered the equal of other turn of the century parks like Coney Island, is all but forgotten; but in its heyday, it was known as "the city of a million electric lights", because its tower was an amazing sight that could be seen for 15 miles. Chicago was chosen in part because it was a railroad centre and in part because it offered a guarantee of $10 million. At the core of the fair was an area that quickly became known as the White City for its buildings with white stucco siding and its streets illuminated by electric lights. Many of the children who responded had never been to an amusement park. While blacks saw their income climb a bit at the end of the last century, it has since fallen. [5] The park was located at 63rd Street and South Park Avenue (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive) and covered fourteen acres of land with gardens and strolling paths. The huge attendance and extensive foreign participation resulted in a technical exchange never seen before, says Srail, the collector. Although 1930 still wasn't too bad for White City,[40] with each successive year, attendance declined, and by 1933, the company that operated it was unable to pay the taxes that were due, causing the park to be placed in receivership. The black city was the dark counterpart of the white city. A novel about, say, an alcoholic drug addict wanted by the police in three states might be diverting, but it's only make-believe. A minority opinion holds that as Chicago arose from the ashes of its Great Fire of 1871, the city's rebuilding by such architects as Louis Sullivan constituted a new beginning, a "second city" as it were. [20], "Great Commercial Tree" comes from the lyrics of the state anthem of Illinois: "Till upon the inland sea, stands thy great commercial tree"[21], "Chi-Town" redirects here. The . In conclusion, Chicago was both a "white city" and "black city" during the World's Colombian Exposition of 1893. Newspaper reports said it started in a storage area near the railway, and it attracted a large crowd. [2] "White City" was also the name associated with the landscaping and architecture of the World's Columbian Exposition, held near the same location in 1893 because the exhibition's buildings used plaster of Paris and were painted a chalky white. And to think that just a few years earlier, this had been a swampy, desolate place, an untamed wilderness along Lake Michigan, inside a city exploding with growth after the Great Fire 20 years earlier. [6][7] In its prime the park rivalled Coney Island as a model for worldwide amusement park architects, designers and planners. Art Institute of Chicago: The Art Institutes current building, near Grant Park, was built as a meeting place for international scholars and lecturers during the worlds fair. [20], The park information mentioned a small Ferris wheel that had six cars and a miniature railroad. [41] Black columnists were irate that some black men willingly took these kinds of jobs. Couney[32] maintained an exhibit of an incubator in which live infants were tended, including the daughter of the editor of the Chicago Tribune. [4] A dirigible serviced the park, bringing passengers from Chicago's Grant Park. As far back as 1912, there had been comments that the name "White City" was very appropriate, given how it seemed to be a park for white people, and where black people served as objects of ridicule: one game was called the "African Dip", and it involved patrons throwing projectiles at the head of a black person, and trying to hit him. Dr. J. Wilbur Chapman and Mr. Charles M. Alexander made use of the ballroom, which seated nearly 4000, and they brought with them a chorus of several hundred people. [30] By 1908, another area amusement park, Riverview Park, was also involved in this cause. [19] The Chicago Park District adopted a seal in 1934 that contains the Latin phrase Hortus in Urbe, meaning 'Garden in a City'. See Curtis M. Hinsley and David R. Wilcox, eds.. Chicago is just the third of seven City Connect uniforms to be revealed in 2021, up next is their cross-town rival Chicago Cubs who will show . The parks 686 acres included many exhibit halls highlighting American and international culture. Why is Chicago Called the White City? Luis de Riao and Indigenous collaborators, Official Portrait of Bishop Luis Francisco Romero, Portraits of Francisca Ramrez de Laredo and Antonio de Ulloa, Crown of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception, Church of So Francisco de Assis, Ouro Preto, Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Blacks, Ouro Preto, Mestre Valentim, Passeio Publico, Rio de Janeiro, Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos of Congonhas do Campo, 1757-1872, Munduruk Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest, Kayap Headdress: a glimpse of life in the Amazon rainforest, Independence from Spanish rule in South America, Early Scientific Exploration in Latin America, Latin American artistic pilgrimages to Paris, Landscape Painting in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, The challenge of the nude in 19th-century Latin American painting, Retablo of La Mano Poderosa/The All Powerful Hand, Richard Evans, Portraits of the Caribbeans first Black king and prince. The population shift is one reason why the income of white residents has risen steadily since 1990. In 1901, he helped Washington to realize the master plan created almost a century earlier by Pierre LEnfant. (Don't worry, not that kind of wind.) [2] It contributed to Chicago's status as the city with the most amusement parks in the United States until 1908. Some historians believe the 1927 fire signalled the beginning of the end for the park. And Why NYE Organizers Chose It", "Meet the Man Who Coined the Word 'Chiberia', "Pic of the Week: Chicago Lives up to 'Chiberia' Nickname after Cold Snap Turns City to Ice", "Despite 'Chiraq' Label, Data Show Chicago Not Even Close to Iraq", "Chiraq: What's in a Nickname? A new report . The magnificent facades were built from wood and steel frames. Theres also an assortment of collectibles, from glassware saved by the family of Elmhursts first mayor, to postcards and a salt dish made of shells, resembling the Nia, Pinta and Santa Maria. [37] This crash resulted in the closure of the Grant Park Airstrip and the creation of the Chicago Air Park (currently Midway International Airport). Wells and famous abolitionist Frederick Douglass (who had been appointed as a delegate for Haiti, not the United States) circulated 10,000 copies of a pamphlet at the Fair entitled, The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the Worlds Columbian Exposition. Despite a petition to name some women to the Fairs governing body, Congress instead created a Board of Lady Managers. [10], They hoped to steer the Fair away from giving visitors the impression that the progress of civilization was entirely the work of men. For the song, see, "Chi-raq" redirects here. Americas first commemorative postage stamps were issued during the fair, but Ken Srail didnt realize that as a kid collecting stamps. But the final days of the Columbian Exposition were shadowed by gloom, when Chicagos mayor, Carter Harrison, was killed at home by a deranged office-seeker. Chicago was chosen in part because it was a railroad centre and in part because it offered a guarantee of $10 million. The former site of Mudgett's "murder castle" is now a post office in Englewood. On the Midway Plaisance, stretching west toward Washington Park, an array of internationally themed food stands and entertainment spots featured wild new attractions. Chicagos lobbying effort was so thorough that a New York columnist dubbed it the Windy City.. Audience: This story aims toward a mature and history-enthralled audience. Then I learned that savvy locals know the term was actually coined in the late 19th. The largest city of the American Midwest, Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1830 and quickly grew to become, as Carl Sandburg's 1916 poem put it, "Hog Butcher, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat,. In it, Liebling writes about his hatred for Chicago and contrasts it to his hometown New York City. https://prezi.com/xu-mzpbjtuk6/the-devil-in-the-white-city-by-erik-larson/, https://fourminutebooks.com/the-devil-in-the-white-city-summary/, https://prezi.com/qwatzetdrmkl/the-devil-in-the-white-city/, https://wp.stolaf.edu/president/2017/01/31/devil-in-the-white-city-murder-magic-and-madness-at-the-fair-that-changed-america-forever/, https://www.academia.edu/33673083/Devil_In_The_White_City_Paper, https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-devil-in-the-white-city/context/, https://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-1893-chicago-worlds-fair, https://www.thoughtco.com/the-devil-in-the-white-city-by-erik-larson-361903, https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/the-devil-in-the-white-city/facts/, https://www.americanheritage.com/white-city, https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/crime-in-the-media/the-devil-in-the-white-city/, https://prezi.com/tpbs0hmcfgtt/the-devil-in-the-white-city-nonfiction-book-report/, https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-devil-in-the-white-city/symbols/the-ferris-wheel, https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-devil-in-the-white-city/themes, https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Analysis-Of-Erik-Larson-s-The-Devil-PKHGYJLW3FT85, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City,_London, https://www.britannica.com/event/Worlds-Columbian-Exposition, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_White_City, [ANSWERED] php Container Registry TYPO3 not available , [ANSWERED] php nested while loop in smarty using foreach. In July 1893, sailors amazed crowds by triumphantly sailing into the worlds fair, their ship intact, their crew safe. The anthropologists believed that Indigenous people were a dying race whose culture and objects must be preserved before they were either exterminated or made inauthentic by the influence of Euroamerican culture. The city experienced dramatic increases in ridership on the public transportation that took people to White City. It is the last of several nicknames in the poem; the others hint at the cities major industrial activities, for example the meat-packing industry and railroad industry. In the nineteenth century, cities were filthy places. He complains about Chicago's economic decline, rampant organized crime and political corruption, declining population, outdated schools of thought, and general dependency on the cities along the east coast. The buildings and architecture of Chicago reflect the city's history and multicultural heritage, featuring prominent buildings in a variety of styles. The White City glimmered in the warm summer sun. Your email address will not be published. Its base stood 40 feet high; the statue itself was 65 feet tall. [5], The Court of Honor was perhaps the most prominent section, but there was a great deal more to see on the grounds of the Worlds Fair. The White City's grand neoclassical buildings were designed by a team of top architects led by Daniel . Nicknamed the "White City," the fair's grand Neoclassical buildings were planned as a cohesive whole in a landscaped setting; they made a lasting impression on millions of visitors. Burnhams plans for the site incorporated the designs of architects trained at the cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, who paired the balance and harmony of Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, buildings, Chicago, Illinois, United States. Two articles of American patriotic practice emerged from the Fair: Francis J. Bellamy (cousin to Edward Bellamy, the socialist novelist quoted above who was considerably less enamored with the Fair) composed the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag of the United States for school children to recite across the country in honor of the occasion, and Katharine Lee Bates composed the song America the Beautiful after a western trip that included a stop at the Fair (one of its later verses includes a reference to the alabaster White City gleaming). [22][23] It also featured a roller coaster and the Garden Follies Dancers. Women look at Holmes as he walks through Chicago. The scenic railway and half of the Figure 8 took the brunt of the damage. [44] In 1946, the Congress of Racial Equality sued the management of the rink, saying it was violating the Illinois Civil Rights Law. In Streets of Cairo, for example, men ogled belly dancers performing the hoochy coochy.. "[17] Also in 1907, the Tribune referred to the White City Amusement Park's executives as "President Joseph Beifeld, Treasurer Aaron J. Jones, and General Manager Paul D. After all, it has one of the roughest winters of all major American cities and it does get pretty . With the 10th pick, the Chicago Bears select Tennessee offensive tackle Darnell Wright. (Image GN90799d courtesy Field Museum), The 1893 Columbian Exposition: Remembering Chicagos White City. That electricity also enabled George W.G. In the summer of 1893, there was no more exciting destination in the United States than the Worlds Columbian Exposition. When Chicago won its bid to host the Worlds Columbian Exposition, architects Daniel Burnham and partner John Root, well-known for the downtown skyscrapers they had designed, were chosen to oversee the project. [11] It is also sometimes said as the "City of Broad Shoulders". The White City glowed at night, lit by thousands of incandescent electric bulbs. In addition to the regular exhibits, there were well-known bands of the day that came to perform: for example, in August 1907, the Kilties, a Canadian band that played Scottish music, performed traditional Scottish folk music and folk dances. One of America's first documented serial killers, H. H. Holmes, was active in Chicago throughout the World's Fair. But reminders are still around Chicagoland and the Midwest today. Although it had become the nations second-largest city, it was a metropolis built on industry, by names like McCormick, Pullman, and Field. It initially had two stars until 1933, when a third was added. The movable sidewalk, today a staple at airports, made its first appearance on the south pier. ", "Chicago Is a City of Objectionable Nicknames", "Does Anyone Use 'Chi-Town'? The Court of Honor, with its many fountains and rippling lagoons, was anchored by opulent, whitewashed palaces that reflected the most classic facades of Europe. May 9, 2017 Matt Blitz. What was the purpose of the White City? Like so many other things at this fair, it was a major triumph. In doing so, Larson is able to explore the details of the fair in-depth, while keeping the interest of the reader. By October, nearly 20,000 people a day were riding the Ferris Wheel. . In August, 1886, a man who goes by the name H. H. Holmes arrives in Englewood, a suburb of Chicago. The evangelists planned to make appearances all over the Chicago area during the month, but wanted to do something very memorable to begin their revival. For the film, see. [21] The park also featured the first Shoot-the-Chutes ride in Chicago. But Chicago was an unlikely location. The Century of Progress was no city of white rather, it was colorful, sleek and modern. [5], An etymology popularized by tour guides suggests that it refers to the rebuilding of the city following the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The fair was designed. Statue of the Grand Republic: Daniel Chester French, the same artist who designed the Lincoln Memorial figure, created this gilded reproduction for the fairs 25th anniversary. The mid-western city of Chicago is sometimes. Why is Chicago called the White City? The conductor and several male passengers tried to subdue him, but he shook them off and raced for the door.. Its done in conjunction with a national traveling exhibit that describes all of Americas worlds fairs, from New York in 1853 to Knoxville, Tenn., in 1982. Whats now the art museum downtown started as a home for lectures and international scholars. Today, a new exhibit at the Elmhurst Historical Museum, 120 E. Park Ave., in Elmhurst, shows a local angle on the Columbian Exposition. HE included the process of how the fair became the Worlds Fair and how it was built, but he also gave insight to the sick under story of Henry Holmes. What could be more idyllic than a summer night enjoying music by the lake? Still, some passengers were edgy. The Viking Ship: A dozen Norwegians sailed this Viking ship replica across the ocean, through the Erie Canal and the Great Lakes, into Chicago. [25] The park hosted burlesque shows,[26] and performers like Annette Kellerman, Bill Cody and Sophie Tucker performed at the park regularly. Often noted as the inspiration for the City Beautiful movement, the fair proved to be a turning point both. [17] The origin of the nickname is not definitive, but saw increasing popularity in usage around the end of the Iraq War. Built in Norway and transported to Chicago, it was a recreation of a Norwegian chapel. As Burnham described the Fairs layout, exhibition halls, lying farther to the norththe Horticultural, Transportation, and Fisheriesbeing less formal, blend readily with the more or less homelike headquarters buildings of the States and foreign governments, which are grouped among the trees of the extreme northern portion of the grounds. [6], Critics gushed about the technical mastery of works like Sargents. One of the buildings housed a ballroom with a dancefloor large enough for 1,000 dancers. President Joe Biden wears sunglasses after making a joke about becoming the "Dark Brandon" persona during the White House Correspondents' Association dinner at the Washington Hilton in Washington, Saturday, April 29, 2023. [33], In late September 1911, White City experienced a serious fire, as flames swept through the southern section of the park. With its introduction translated into French and German in order to reach a broad audience, the pamphlet explained the history of slavery, the ever-growing horrors of lynching, and contrasted those with the achievements Black citizens had made in business, education, science, and the arts. The worlds fair was so important that its left a lasting impact on our modern culture. Admission was ten cents in the early years, and newspaper ads noted that White City was open rain or shine. [13] The National Weather Service used the hashtag "#Chiberia" during its reporting on the cold wave. Augustus Saint-Gaudens, quoted in Alan Trachtenberg, This early version of the pledge was shorter: , I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. The Catholic fraternal order, the Knights of Columbus, urged Congress to add under God to the pledge in the 1950s. Fifteen people nine adults and six juveniles were arrested late Saturday . ", Louise Hutchinson. [4] The College Inn, a restaurant, could seat 2,500 diners at a time. Each was an enormous steel-framed warehouse with a staff faade, designed by one of the leading architects of the era: Charles McKim, of McKim, Meade & White (of, on, she could gaze on the Columbian Fountain, featuring Frederick MacMonniess sculpture, . Both are housed in buildings constructed for the 1893 worlds fair. Determined to land the fair, a Chicago committee raised $5 million in stock to fund construction, and rallied Congress to approve their city over New York, Washington and St. Louis. Where the Columbian Exposition was grand and classic, the 1933-34 Century of Progress was sleek and modern. The Skyride carried passengers in a rocket car 219 feet into the air. Howse. [11]. In August 1905, ridership on the South Side 'L' Train rose by 11,000 fares over the number of riders from a year earlier, an increase directly attributed to the opening of the park.[14]. A giant telescope on display would four years later anchor the Yerkes Observatory, a University of Chicago astronomical outpost in Williams Bay, Wis. Nearly 120 years later, the sandy shores and quiet grounds of Jackson Park bear little resemblance to the magnificent White City, but echoes remain. The authors purpose was to inform his audience about what had happened at the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair. A gilded statue of a woman, her arms raised, looked over the court. Much of the White City was destroyed by fires in the year after its closing. The Womens Building celebrated womens progress. This content continued into the early 1930s, when the "Sally Joy" of that time was a woman named Anna Nangle.[35]. One can also take this as the claim. [4], A protg of the Fairs artistic advisor, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, MacMonnies was an emerging American sculptor who had been trained at the cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Often noted as the inspiration for the City Beautiful movement, the fair proved to be a turning point both Read More In World's Columbian Exposition There would be another worlds fair in Chicago, some 40 years later. Nearby buildings housed exhibits that honored transportation, horticulture, fine arts, American states and nations abroad. Chicago is reputed as one of the most prominent cities in the United States and is known by several nicknames including the "The Windy City" and the "Second City. They felt that White City was the place to launch the crusade in a very spectacular fashion. Historians have characterized this era as the nadir of American race relations. [42] Admission policies were desegregated when the neighborhood changed and more people of color resided nearby. Chicagos next worlds fair, hosted in 1933 and 34, was far different from the Columbian Exposition. He thought they looked cool. To her left, the soaring archways of the Mines and Electricity Buildings welcomed her inside, while a seemingly endless row of columns decorated the front of the Machinery Building. Burnham would one day be quoted saying, Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir mens blood. His plan for the worlds fair was anything but small. Though the official guide to the Fair called these symbols an invitation of liberty to the nations of the earth, the eagle (the national bird of the United States) on top of the globe sent a message that all the earth was U.S. domain. The year 1893 had the greatest number of lynchings on record between 1882 and 1940. So when fairgoers were greeted by the glimmering Court of Honor, nicknamed the White City, it seemed like they had been transported to another world. There are a few versions to that answer. Jim Crow laws received the stamp of constitutionality from the U.S. Supreme Court. [38] A later fire in June 1927, however, was much more serious. Nicknamed the White City, the fairs grand Neoclassical buildings were planned as a cohesive whole in a landscaped setting; they made a lasting impression on millions of visitors. [34], During the early 1920s, the park continued to be involved with charity benefits. New foods debuted, including shredded wheat, Cracker Jacks, Cream of Wheat and Pabst Blue Ribbon (according to legend, so named for an award it won at the fair). The exhibit tells the story of Bryan and other Elmhurst residents who enjoyed the fair. When it was fresh and new, the White City was a piece of artwork. Bernardino de Sahagn and Indigenous collaborators, A Renaissance miniature in wood and feathers, A shimmering saint, St. John in featherwork, Burning of the Idols, in Diego Muoz Camargos, Biombo with the Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City, Francisco Clapera, set of sixteen casta paintings, Escudos de monjas, or nuns badges, in New Spain, Mission San Antonio de Valero & the Alamo, Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastian, Taxco, Mexico, Inventing America, The Engravings of Theodore de Bry, Portraits of John and Elizabeth Freake (and their baby), Gerardus Duyckinck I (attributed), Six portraits of the Levy-Franks family, c. 1735, Ostentatious plainness: Copley's portrait of the Mifflins, The portraitist of 18th-century Puerto Rico, The Mexican-American War: 19th-century American art in context, John Browns tragic prelude to the U.S. Civil War, The Missouri Compromise and the dangerous precedent of appeasement, The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction, Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery, Experiences of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction, Memory and commemoration of the U.S. Civil War, an introduction, Nast & Reconstruction, understanding a political cartoon, Nativism, immigration, and the Know-Nothing party, The Worlds Columbian Exposition: Introduction, A dream of Italy: Black artists and travel in the nineteenth century, The Radical Floriography of Sarah Mapps Douglass, Thomas Hovenden, The Last Moments of John Brown, The U.S. Civil War, sharpshooters and Winslow Homer, Peaks and perils: The life of Carleton Watkins, The Alamo (& Mission San Antonio de Valero), Inventing America, Colts Experimental Pocket Pistol, Cultures and slavery in the American south: a Face Jug from Edgefield county, Slave Burial Ground, University of Alabama, Seneca Village: the lost history of African Americans in New York, William Howard (attributed), Writing desk, Herter Brothers, Mark Hopkins House Side Chair, Robert Mills and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey, Washington Monument, The light of democracy examining the Statue of Liberty, Defeated, heroized, dismantled: Richmonds Robert E. Lee Monument, Carrre & Hastings, The New York Public Library, Ancient Andean art in context: An origin story (The Legend of aymlap), Complexity and vision: the Staff God at Chavn de Huntar and beyond, Nasca Art: Sacred Linearity and Bold Designs, Semi-subterranean Court at the site of Tiwanaku, Inka ushnus: landscape, site and symbol in the Andes, Portrait Painting in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Introduction to religious art and architecture in early colonial Peru, Early Viceregal Architecture and Art in Colombia, The Church of San Pedro de Andahuaylillas, The Church of San Pedro Apstol de Andahuaylillas.