Unlike other options, there is no synthetic mix in their products, which means there isno glue,no formaldehyde, andno harmful chemicalsof any sort. moisture and climate control. MENU Since then, we have grown to accommodate do-it-yourselfers, contractors, architects, designers, etc.. Our products are filtered by our Green, Greener, Greenest policy. Articles on this site may contain affiliate links where we may receive a commission. Here they are: Salty Vanventures went with foil board and polymax in the ribs. insulating). But businesses . This product is made with aluminium foil laminate on the outside and has a core of closed-cell high-density XPE foam. You can buy this stuff at Supercheap Auto. Insulation is typically less than 2% of a home's total construction cost, with the average amount for a typical single-family home is just over $5,000, according to a 2019 report by the National Association of Home Builders . Wool is compostable at end of an extended useful life. It is a floor trend that is currently very popular, thus many [], Marmoleum Splash is a new design in Forbos Marmoleum portfolio. In all of my research Ive particularly looked for other Aussies, to see what theyve done. Here in Australia Ive seen a few vans that just use the spray foam (from a can) for filling in gaps, rather than the whole van. Quickflash Weatherproofing Flashing Products, Homes are increasingly sick. Of course this is based on other peoples opinions and experience cos I havent done my van conversion yet! per bag. 383 followers. For optimal energy efficiency and performance, your home should be properly insulated from the roof to the foundation. Wool does not support the growth of mold. Absorbs Sound A quieter home is a healthy home. Samples are free but we do charge $15 for shipping. No other insulation product in Australia has even close to this percentage of wool content. Insulation Australia are specialists in all residential and commercial Wool Insulation Batts Melbourne looks for. Learn why Havelock Wool insulation is the best choice for your home and your family. If you are not sure if our van insulation materials are suitable for your build . Havelock Wool offers both wool batts and blown-in insulation. The higher the R value, the higher the level of insulation provided. Havelock does not make its insulation from wool scraps. This makes it an insulator, thermal break and non-permeable moisture barrier. The blower ships in a 75lb box and contains one blower, one 20 ft section of 3" blower hose, 2' of hopper hose and coupling units. Wool is an ideal insulation product in van builds or touring vehiclesthat are being slept in, where wall cavities or hollows in beams etc need to be filled with an insulation product. Instead, they process high quality wool fibers through their proprietary manufacturing process. 3. Havelock Wool. Wool filters the air and improves indoor air quality. Installing Havelock loose sheep wool insulation is a little different than other loose fiber products. Wool absorbs and adsorbs it against 65% relative humidity. Wool is a Carbon sink, it actually locks up CO2, man-made pollutes CO2 during its manufacture. Long lasting inherent characteristics allow stated R-values to exceed other forms of insulation. Ive made this decision based on the fact that well be travelling in Australia (and knowing me, will aim to travel to places that keep us within 20-28oC, if Im being honest), is possible for a novice like me to install, and for the budget conscious. With a solid reputation for superior products and customer care, our insulation services provide your home or office with: Comfort all year round Reduced noise levels 45 to 55% energy savings Condensation control We provide green building products, green building materials, green building design services, solar energy systems, and much more. Some of the thermal insulation products listed below have good sound deadening properties anyway, but if you want to add sound deadener, then youll need to do that first. Wool insulation is one of them. With the physics of convection at play (where warm air rises) the need for floor insulation is not so pressing. (2D) Extend insulation into joist space to reduce air flows. 4. Uninsulated homes are at risk of higher heating or cooling costs as they loose valuable heat during winter and gain unwanted heat over summer. ESG Environmentalism or Shareholder Greenwashing? Havelock Wool | Wool Insulation Intelligent Insulation For Your Healthy Home Why Wool Homes Learn More DIY Insulation Buy Now Vans Learn More Buy Now Trade Support Close Select Partners in the US Havelock Wool Reno, NV Contact Green Home Solutions Seattle, WA Contact CaraGreen Raleigh, NC Contact 475 High Performance Building Supply North America Download the Havelock Wool brochure here. The fibrous nature of a wool fiber means that, unlike many other materials, wool products can reduce airborne sound, surface noise and sound transmission all at the same time. Havelock Wool says it raises and harvests its wool naturally without chemical additions. Reflectix consists of two 96% reflective layers of film bonded to two internal layers of heavy gauge polyethylene bubbles. Enjoy 20% off shipping a pallet or more of any of our insulation! Im just not sure how easy it would be to keep it in place before Ive put the walls and ceiling up? All other forms of insulation are unhealthy at best, toxic at worst and ineffective by comparison.. We all were very surprised how easy it was to deal with Havelock. Having no air barrier greatly reduces the r value. Moisture is inevitable; wools inherent management capabilities allow for longer lasting products. Window jam Single pane replacement or storm windows and insulate around all windows and doors with Havelock Wool Loose fill insulation or at least caulk and seal around all windows and doors. 100% wool 1 Box - 15sqm Each Batt is 410mm x 1220mm (16" x 48") Covers- 15sqm R7 (RSI 1.23), Doubling sheet R14 (RSI 2.46) 30 batts per box Doesnt seem to be such a popular choice in Australia. Since then, we have grown to accommodate do-it-yourselfers, contractors, architects, designers, etc.. Our products are filtered by our Green, Greener, Greenest policy. It needs to be done by a professional so Im presuming that cost would be quite large (I havent been able to find any price comparisons online). To keep your home cool in summer, Wool Insulation Batts Melbournehomes use in the ceiling, floors and walls should be combined with appropriate shading of windows and good ventilation to prevent hot air from entering and being trapped inside the home. Intelligent Insulation For Your Healthy Home. Havelock Wool excels at absorbing sound and reducing unwanted noise. In each box, there is a sample of our blown-in insulation as well as our batt insulation. Mineral wool depletes the worlds resources. Havelock Wool loose fill is all-natural, renewable, and sustainable in its production while being compostable at the end of an extended useful life. Polymax is made from thermally bonded polyester fibres which just like the polyester used in doonas and pillows. Sheep wool provides an unparalleled solution to an increasing challenge in the built environment. . You may have seen a few van builders use this product just glued to the metal panels of their van. Official distributor of Havelock 100% natural wool. Moisture inevitably makes its way into yourwalls. Mountain Made is the only Australian sheeps wool insulation product I've been able to find and they recommend it for vans. Her articles and posts can be found on TriplePundit, JustMeans, and her blog . The inherent characteristics of the wool fiber provide an exceptional R Value, moisture management, passive indoor air filtration and superb sound absorption. Compostable at the end of an extended useful life, Filters air and improves indoor air quality, Moisture and climate control natural keratin prevents against the spread of mold and mildew, Resists fire wool will not support a flame below 1100F, Absorbs sound wool fiber is unique in its ability to simultaneously reduce air born sound, surface noise, and sound transmission and exceeds other forms of insulation as an acoustic buffer, Thermal conductivity wool batts are industry standard at 3.6 per inch, No off-gassing natural characteristics make our insulation devoid of harmful chemicals, Installs easily batts are installed like other mediums, but with no protection required. To keep your house warm in winter, you also need to ensure large areas of glass, wall vents, and gaps and cracks in external doors and windows are appropriately covered or sealed to stop warm air from leaking out. Havelock Wool absorbs harmfulchemicals, improving the air you breathe. Our process involves the lowest net embodied energy in the industry while making insulation products that meet or exceed . Unfinished attic In unfinished attic spaces, insulate between and over the floor joists to seal off living spaces below. absorbs sound. This insulation should be a standard., Im so glad I went with a natural product like this for my van. R13 Batt Insulation - 16" OC. Havelock Wool is healthy, high-performance insulation. We all got a kick out of our first wool insulation project and are looking forward to more!, I have been a Green builder for years now, I am truly impressed how clients feel the difference in their bedrooms., The rumors are true, this stuff is actually fun to work with! suppresses mold and mildew. (Eastern Standard Time)Monday Friday 9:00am 5:00pmEmail usGet a call back from us, Paints, Stains, Clear Finishes and Sealers, https://eco-buildingproducts.com/product/oregon-shepherd-loose-sheep-wool-insulation-craft-box/, Black Mountain Sheep Wool Insulation Rolls, Oregon Shepherd Loose Sheep Wool Insulation, Applegate Recycled Cotton Insulation Products, Van, Skoolie, and RV Conversions (click here for our, This Havelock Wool Product, Sheep Wool Batts. per bag. 6. Considering you need an air barrier for Reflectix to work properly, Im guessing that the greatest benefit of using Reflectix was that it plugged up the holes that were letting in the cold draught(?). Wool fibers manage moisture by absorbing and releasing moisture against 65% relative humidity. $180.00 However, its a bit more commonly used in America and Europe where you can do the application yourself. Car Builders is proud to be the authorised distributorofHavelock Wool in Australia. We have the knowledge to help you with your building supply needs. Follow Pinterest's board Pin pets on Pinterest. Loose fill insulation designed to be blown into walls, ceilings, attics, and basement applications. Please see ourAffiliate Disclosurefor more information. Wool Insulation Batts Melbourne invests in. Consider what happens to your indoor air quality when you insulate with subpar materials and your house doesnt breathe properly. So in a van, its the sun coming in through the windows that makes it hot. Insulation is the most important thing you can do to improve the energy efficiency of your home. Blown-in insulation used to be just for professionals but now Havelock is bringing this high-performance insulation to everyone. I explain what each insulation product is, and whether its recommended for use in a van. per bag, R-20 (5.5 thick), 15.5 wide, 60 sq.ft. 1. Glass fiber thermal performance deteriorates dramatically when any moisture is present, wools performance is not affected. As Ive been working through all the parts of our own (soon to be) van build, Ive been putting off trying to figure out which campervan insulation products would be the best for our van. For those who want to know their home is built of high integrity materials that not only perform well but create a healthy environment, you are in luck as these materials are on the rise. 1 Bag 12 batts per Bag Batt Size: 16"x48"x5.5", 60 sq ft per Bag 48 linear ft per Bag 40lbs per Bag 12 Bags per PalletSmall orders ship in boxes viaFedexCurrent lead time to ship is2 weeks. R value = the thickness of the material divided by how resistant that material is to heat transfer (K value). Finished Attic In finished attic rooms with or without dormer, insulate (2A) between the studs of knee walls, (2B) between the studs and rafters of exterior walls and roof, (2C) and ceilings with cold spaces above. One of the best ways to insulate your windows is with products like Reflectix. Sheeps wool absorbs 90 & 95% of airborne sound. Wool exceeds other forms of insulation as an acoustic buffer. They stuffed the framework/ribs of the van with Earthwool. Blown-In (Loose Fill) Insulation | R15 - R60 | NOW 20% Off Shipping on All Orders, Havelock Wool Insulation Blower (Free Rental). (1A) Insulate and seal the attic access door. Loose fill insulation designed to be blown into walls, ceilings, attics, and basement applications. Wool prevents condensation by generating heat from energy, making it warm when wet. Havelock Sheep Wool Insulation is healthy, high performance insulation made of 100% wool. The wool is blown into a wall cavity ensuring maximum coverage, i.e. Suppresses mold and mildew natural keratin prevents against the spread of mold and mildew. The fibers are sheared from a specific breed of sheep best suited for insulation. 1 Bag 8 batts per Bag Batt Size: 24"x48"x5.5", 60 Square Feet per Bag 32 Linear Feet per Bag 40lbs per Bag 12 Bags per PalletSmall orders ship in boxes viaFedex Current lead time to ship is 2 weeks. Lets work together to improve the health, performance and sustainability of the built environment. Is quite cheap but these arent a great option for a van because they need to be quite thick to provide adequate insulation. the U.K. and Australia. Our van insulation is perfect for most makes and models. Before we start looking at products, lets just do a very quick summary of how it is that your van gets hot or cold. Deposit, $95.00 no gaps. Absorbs sounds (High Acoustical Abatement Properties), Dimensional stability, allowing for easier, faster installation, Easily trimmed, peeled and layered for a perfect, high performance fit. Wool Insulation Batts Melbourne depends upon, work by restricting the flow of heat or sound through walls, ceilings or floors. Again, FoilBoad on the panels, EarthWool in the cavities and expanding foam in all the gaps. Havelock Wool batts arecomprised of100% woolfor ahealthy home. Car Builders is proud to be the authorised distributor of Havelock Wool in Australia. And they used FoilBoard on the ceiling and walls; although they dont recommend the FoilBoard for the walls. Made from 100% wool wool insulation is entirely renewable and sustainable. In addition to insulation, consider moisture and air leakage control in each area of your house. Products - Havelock Wool. It is a very effective insulation material and is mould and mildew resistant, however once the foam is in there, its like glue and will be very difficult to make any changes. Unique visco-elasctic properties of wool assist in the conversion of sound energy to heat. For more information, scroll down further. "Walls protected by Havelock Wool" Insulation netting for blown-in insulation Simply staple up, poke holes and start blowing! The R-values of each product are 3.6 per-inch and 4.3 per-inch respectively.The extremely high integrity of a wool fiber allows it to outperform the synthetic competition, while decreasing impact on the environment. Havelock Wool Insulation Absorbs Sound. It is important to consider the climate of your region before choosing the R value that is right for your home. It is sustainably harvested in New Zealand and mechanically processed in the US without the use of any chemical binders. Please see ourAffiliate Disclosurefor more information. We make healthy high-performance insulation using wool from New Zealand. Im also thinking its the hardest area to tackle depending on the type of insulation you choose. Wool is a keratin and will not support the growth of mold. This is where most of your insulation will go. This yields a uniform, high-performance, long-lasting product. R13 Unfaced Batts Designed for 2x4 framed 16" OC stud bays. R7 (RSI 1.23), Doublingsheet R14 (RSI 2.46). As it is a natural fiber, sheet thickness can vary between 20mm-50mm. This is how heat is transferred through liquid or gas. outperforms R-value. Wool will last for the life of the building due to the resilience of wool, glass fiber may compact and require topping up after 10 years. In addition to insulation, consider moisture and air leakage control in each area of your house. R13 Unfaced Batts Designed for 2x4 framed 24" OC stud bays. Per the EPA, indoor pollutants increase when there is not enough fresh air in a home. Premium Under Bonnet Insulation: The Holy Grail, Installing Havelock Wool Insulation In Our Van. Havelock Wool is sourced in New Zealand and manufactured in the USA. Also insulate (4A) any portion of the floor in a room that is cantilevered beyond the exterior wall below; (4B) slab floors built directly on the ground; (4C) as an alternative to floor insulation, foundation walls of unvented crawl spaces. Wool is a keratin and will not support the growth of mold. Real People, Real Walls, Real Wool This week's blog is a conversation with Rachel who used Havelock Wool to restore her multi-generational . ROCKWOOL insulation is a rock-based mineral fibre insulation comprised of Basalt rock and Recycled Slag. Sheep's wool absorbs 90 & 95% of airborne sound. Where can I see all your van customer reviews? per bag, $150.00 Dont let your builder, architect or insulation installer be in charge of your health. Pink batts are a well known example of glass wool; but theres also Earthwool and Ecowool which dont use formaldehyde in their binding technology. Havelock Wool loose fill is all-natural, renewable, and sustainable in its production while being compostable at the end of an extended useful life. Official distributor of Havelock 100% natural wool. We are the go-to insulation for your van, bus, RV, or camper van. HMS Havelock DD 204 British Royal Navy WWII ID Slide US Air Force Pilots (#225492660675) See all feedback. https://www.weseektravel.com/diy-van-conversion-australia/#insulation. Insulation Australia are specialists in all residential and commercial Wool Insulation Batts Melbournelooks for. We provide green building products, green building materials, green building design services, solar energy systems, and much more. We produce our loose fill following a proprietary and repeatable manufacturing process. R7 Unfaced Batts Designed for non traditional cavity depths framed 16" OC stud bays. CaraGreen LLC, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, distributes eco-friendly products as healthier alternatives to conventional building materials. Havelock Wool - 100 SqFt 843 Reviews $150.00 1 Box - 100 Sq Ft Compressed for Shipping Covers 100 s/f R7 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2" 20 batts per box Qty: Add to Cart Experience Superior Van Insulation Batt insulation designed specifically for van, buses, RVs, etc. Forbo MarmoleumRubio MonocoatAfm SafecoatBlack MountainSolatubeSink PositiveSealin HatchRubber Flooring, E.S.T. No other insulation product in Australia has even close to this percentage of wool content. Back to home page Return to top. Either way, were happy to answer any and all of your enquiries. Even though the wool is sourced from NZ, its actually a US based company and not currently shipping to Australia. We'll have more information and product pages to come on foursevenfive.ca in the coming weeks. 12 bags / pallet Covers 1200 s/f R-Value: 3.6 per inch or R7 @ 2 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2"20batts per Bag 100 sq ft per Bag 72 linear ft per Bag 30lbs per Bag, Ships only via pallet from our East Coast facility Full Spec Sheet HERE, 1 Box - 100 Sq FtCompressed for Shipping, Covers 100 s/f R7 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2" 20 batts perbox. build like the future depends on it. We have multiple products to fit all home applications. Since a van is all metal, the sun can be heating up the outside and this will transfer easily to the inside of the van (since metal is a good conductor). But this can be easily fixed with a roof vent which will allow the warm air to be released through the roof and cool air can come in via an open window/door. Mountain Made is the only Australian sheeps wool insulation product Ive been able to find and they recommend it for vans. Intelligent Insulation For Your Healthy Home. Havelok Wool loose fill insulation is comprised of 100% wool and no synthetic mix. This resin is used to bond the fibres together. ORDER ONLINE, OR CALL 800-995-6329. Havelock Wool will ship the blower with your wool purchase and include your cost of return freight (about $70.00). Being a natural product, woolis non-toxic and actually acts as a natural form of air filtration. Havelock 2 thick R7 sheep wool batts offer the flexibility of using one, two, or three layers for 2, 4, or 6 of material depending upon the depth of the cavities you wish to insulate in your van. Im leaning towards the sheeps wool now. This integrated unit is designed specifically for the installation of our. From a distance, Splash appears light grey with a slight nuance in tone, yet from [], Paints, Stains, Clear Finishes and Sealers, Black Mountain Sheep Wool Insulation Rolls, Oregon Shepherd Loose Sheep Wool Insulation, Applegate Recycled Cotton Insulation Products. NOW 20% Off Shipping on All Orders Our blown-in insulation consists of knops or balls of wool that will work with any type of insulation project. If youve been doing some research on this product youll probably see a product Havelock Wool being promoted. Sheeps wool insulation is the golden child of the van life movement at the moment. Havelock Woolis the only insulation capable of managing moisture. They are trying to do as healthy a restoration as possible. Materials matter. Wanting to arrange a free measurement & quote or do you simply have a question about our services and products? Articles on this site may contain affiliate links where we may receive a commission. Finding the best van insulation for your campervan build, Understanding how your van gets so hot or cold inside, Expanded Polystyrene Foam Boards / FoilBoard, Insulating your campervan for hot weather ventilation, How to become a Virtual Assistant (VA) so you can travel Australia in a van, Converting a van to a campervan with VanLife DIY Fitouts, Camper van conversion companies Australia, DIY camper van conversion kits Australia. Window jam- Single pane replacement or storm windows and insulate around all windows and doors with Havelock Wool Loose fill insulation or at least caulk and seal around all windows and doors. Information about Van, RV, Bus, Airstream Insulation - how to buy, installation, shipping, applications, and product details. resists fire. Where heat is transferred through the air and heats up an object, like how the sun heats up surfaces. $1,500.00, US Shipping The loose fill is made of small balls, which are hugely effective at trapping air while avoiding slump once installed. Certifications, rating systems & disclosures: Bureau of Household Goods And Services, Certified Insulation Material Declare, Red List Free Health Product Declaration ASTM E84 Class A ASTM C518 Thermal Conductivity ASTM C423 Noise Reduction Coefficient WUFI Analysis. If you need just a little bit of insulation to pack into a few small empty cavities go herehttps://eco-buildingproducts.com/product/oregon-shepherd-loose-sheep-wool-insulation-craft-box/, [su_box title=Allow 2 or 3 days for your order to ship. Our team is available 9am-6pm EST to answer your questions and discuss your projects. Havelock Wool loose fill exceeds the R-values of all other insulation mediums (except the most toxic: spray foam) with an R-value of 4.3 per inch. If your house cant breath what are you breathing? Wool exceeds other forms of insulation as an acoustic buffer. . Ive seen a fair number of van builders glueing the boards directly to the metal panels, but this product needs an air barrier in order for the reflective surfaces to be effective. It soaks up moisture and the vibrations of driving can exacerbate its deterioration causing harmful particles to be released into the air. Each bag contains 20 batts, each about 16 wide by 4 feet long, for a total of 100 sf per bag. Turns out we used 1.5 bags of the van wool insulation with a little bit leftover. Like Comment Share. Youll see a lot of people talking about the R value of insulation. Here are some pros for using sheep's wool for insulation: filters air and improves air quality. Eco Building Products was established in 2006. Next came the process of adding all that wool to our Sprinter van . At Insulation Australia we offer a variety of products to ensure you get the best solution for your insulation needs. Sheep's wool is all-natural, biodegrable and compostable making it a sustainable van insulation option. Its good for your home, your family and the environment. Is the heat thats transferred through objects. Batts were developed with the consumer in mind as they are ideal for perfectly sized modern framing with few electrical and plumbing obstructions, Over time wool does not slump, unlike any other fibers, especially in the presence of moisture or water. Moisture and climate control moisture and mold happens in your walls. $1,000.00 R20 Unfaced Batts Designed for 2x6 framed 16" OC stud bays. And then lined their wall boards with SilverWrap, a thin reflective foil insulation. But your van will heat up eventually. Place them into the cavity and you are ready for drywall and finish work. Call us at 919-929-3009 or email us at [emailprotected]. Sheep wool insulation R-value equals or often surpasses that of conventional insulation materials. Their interests are not always aligned with yours so make sure you inquire on all materials in your home. Why more people are using wool in their walls. R-value means resistance to heat loss. Havelock Wool's website lists its wool panels for between $1.50 and $2.25 per square foot. It's a Yupoong Premium Classic Snapback with the Havelock Wool Logo. Resists fire wool will not support a flame below 1100F; conforms to Class A of the ASTM E84 test. Pmu Farms of New Zealand and The New Zealand Merino Company will supply strong (coarse) wool farmed on Pmu properties throughout the country for making Havelock Wool's premium insulation products. 1 Box - 100 Sq FtCompressed for Shipping, Covers 100 s/f R7 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2" 20 batts perbox, 12 bags / pallet Covers 1200 s/f R-Value: 3.6 per inch or R7 @ 2 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2"20batts per Bag 100 sq ft per Bag 72 linear ft per Bag 30lbs per Bag, Ships only via pallet from our East Coast facility Full Spec Sheet HERE, On Sale Ive seen other van builds where theyve just put in the thinnest insulation on the floor, and if theyre really pressed for head height, theyve used no insulation at all. R20 Unfaced Batts Designed for 2x6 framed 24" OC stud bays. No toxic flame retardants as wool is naturally self-extinguising. The amino acids in wool irreversibly bond with formaldehyde, NO and SO2 on a molecular level. By insulating your ceiling, floors and walls, you retain valuable warmth in winter while keeping out the summer heat. All SKUs are 100% wool ie no synthetic mix. You can cut the foil to fit your windows exactly, and even sew them on to a fabric backing and add some magnets or velcro to easily stick them up. The higher the R value, the better the product is at reducing heat transfer (i.e. Wool is hypo-allergenic making it well-suited for those who are chemically sensitive. 12 bags / pallet Covers 1200 s/f R-Value: 3.6 per inch or R7 @ 2" Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2" 20 batts per Bag 100 sq ft per Bag 72 linear ft per Bag 30lbs per Bag. Connect with us on Instagram by following @havelock_wool, Since installation over our attached garage 2 years ago, it is no longer uncomfortably hot in the summer or too cold in the winter. We Who Roam used Ametalin ThermalBreak 8 on the walls. So Ive been trying to figure out the best products for hot Australia (but I dont plan on being up in the NT during summer, or anything crazy like that) with the occasional trip to some colder weather (maybe a ski trip or two). 256 Reviews. The higher an insulations R-value, the greater its insulating properties are. Havelock Wool - 100 SqFt - $150.00 843 Reviews 1 Box - 100 Sq Ft Compressed for Shipping Covers 100 s/f R7 Each Batt is 16" x 48" x 2" 20 batts per box Qty: Add to Cart Havelock PRO Thermal & Acoustic Van Insulation - 1 Pallet - On Sale $1,500.00 Regular price $1,800.00 Products include surfacing materials, acoustic solutions, insulation and exterior cladding for all project types. Batts were developed with the consumer in mind as they are ideal for perfectly sized modern framing with few electrical and plumbing obstructions.